모듈:table

This module provides functions for dealing with Lua tables. All of them, except for two helper functions, take a table as their first argument.

Some functions are available as methods in the arrays created by Module:array.

Functions by what they do:

• Create a new table:
  • shallowcopy, deepcopy, removeDuplicates, numKeys, compressSparseArray, keysToList, reverse, invert, listToSet
• Create an array:
  • removeDuplicates, numKeys, compressSparseArray, keysToList, reverse
• Return information about the table:
  • size, length, contains, keyFor, isArray, deepEquals
• Treat the table as an array (that is, operate on the values in the array portion of the table: values indexed by consecutive integers starting at 1):
  • removeDuplicates, length, contains, serialCommaJoin, reverseIpairs, reverse, invert, listToSet, isArray
• Treat a table as a sparse array (that is, operate on values indexed by non-consecutive integers):
  • numKeys, maxIndex, compressSparseArray, sparseConcat, sparseIpairs
• Generate an iterator:
  • sparseIpairs, sortedPairs, reverseIpairs
• Other:
  • sparseConcat, serialCommaJoin, reverseConcat

The original version was a copy of Module:TableTools on Wikipedia via Module:TableTools on Commons, but new functions have been added since then.

Detailed documentation

export.isPositiveInteger

function export.isPositiveInteger(v)

Return true if the given value is a positive integer, and false if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is useful for determining whether a given table key is in the array part or the hash part of a table.

export.shallowcopy

function export.shallowcopy(orig)

Return a clone of an object. If the object is a table, the value returned is a new table, but all subtables and functions are shared. Metamethods are respected, but the returned table will have no metatable of its own.

export.deepcopy

function export.deepcopy(orig, metatableFlag, keepLoadedData)

Recursive deep copy function. Preserves copied identities of subtables. A more powerful version of mw.clone, with customizable options.

• By default, metatables are copied, except for data loaded via mw.loadData (see below). If metatableFlag is set to "none", the copy will not have any metatables at all. Conversely, if metatableFlag is set to "keep", then the cloned table (and all its members) will have the exact same metatable as their original version.
• If keepLoadedData is true, then any data loaded via mw.loadData will not be copied, and the original will be used instead. This is useful in iterative contexts where it is necessary to copy data being destructively modified, because objects loaded via mw.loadData are immutable.
• Notes:
  1. Protected metatables will not be copied (i.e. those hidden behind a __metatable metamethod), as they are not accessible by Lua's design. Instead, the output of the __metatable method will be used instead.
  2. When iterating over the table, the __pairs metamethod is ignored, since this can prevent the table from being properly cloned.
  3. Data loaded via mw.loadData is a special case in two ways: the metatable is stripped, because otherwise the cloned table throws errors when accessed; in addition, the __pairs metamethod is used, since otherwise the cloned table would be empty.

export.append

function export.append(...)

Append any number of tables together and returns the result. Compare the Lisp expression (append list1 list2 ...).

export.extendList

function export.extendList(list, new_items, options)

Extend an existing list by a new list, modifying the existing list in-place. Compare the Python expression list.extend(new_items).

options is an optional table of additional options to control the behavior of the operation. The following options are recognized:

• insertIfNot: Use export.insertIfNot() instead of table.insert(), which ensures that duplicate items do not get inserted (at the cost of an O((M+N)*N) operation, where M = #list and N = #new_items).
• key: As in insertIfNot(). Ignored otherwise.
• pos: As in insertIfNot(). Ignored otherwise.

export.removeDuplicates

function export.removeDuplicates(t)

Remove duplicate values from an array. Non-positive-integer keys are ignored. The earliest value is kept, and all subsequent duplicate values are removed, but otherwise the array order is unchanged. -- -0, NaN and -NaN have special handling, as they can't be used as table keys.

export.numKeys

function export.numKeys(t, checked)

Given a table, return an array containing the numbers of any numerical keys that have non-nil values, sorted in numerical order.

export.maxIndex

function export.maxIndex(t)

Return the maximum index of a table or array that possibly has holes in it, or 0 if there are no numerical keys in the table.

export.compressSparseArray

function export.compressSparseArray(t)

This takes an array with one or more nil values, and removes the nil values while preserving the order, so that the array can be safely traversed with ipairs.

export.sparseIpairs

function export.sparseIpairs(t)

This is an iterator for sparse arrays. It can be used like ipairs, but can handle nil values.

export.size

function export.size(t)

This returns the size of a key/value pair table. It will also work on arrays, but for arrays it is more efficient to use the # operator.

export.length

function export.length(t)

This returns the length of a table, or the first integer key n counting from 1 such that t[n + 1] is nil. It is similar to the operator #, but may return a different value when metamethods are involved. Intended to be used on data loaded with mw.loadData. For other tables, use #.

export.deepEquals

function export.deepEquals(a, b, include_mt)

Recursively compare two values that may be tables, and returns true if all key-value pairs are structurally equivalent. Note that this handles arbitrary nesting of subtables (including recursive nesting) to any depth, for keys as well as values.

If include_mt is true, then metatables are also compared.

export.getNested

function export.getNested(a, ...)

Given a table and an arbitrary number of keys, will successively access subtables using each key in turn, returning the value at the final key. For example, if t is {[1] = {[2] = {[3] = "foo"}}}, export.getNested(t, 1, 2, 3) will return "foo". If no subtable exists for a given key value, returns nil, but will throw an error if a non-table is found at an intermediary key.

export.setNested

function export.setNested(a, b, ...)

Given a table, value and an arbitrary number of keys, will successively access subtables using each key in turn, and sets the value at the final key. For example, if t is {}, export.setNested(t, "foo", 1, 2, 3) will modify t to {[1] = {[2] = {[3] = "foo"}}}. If no subtable exists for a given key value, one will be created, but will throw an error if a non-table value is found at an intermediary key. Note: the parameter order (table, value, keys) differs from functions like rawset, because the number of keys can be arbitrary. This is to avoid situations where an additional argument must be appended to arbitrary lists of variables, which can be awkward and error-prone: for example, when handling variable arguments (틀:lua) or function return values.

export.contains

function export.contains(list, x, options)

Given a list and a value to be found, return true if the value is in the array portion of the list. Comparison is by value, using deepEquals.

export.tableContains

function export.tableContains(tbl, x)

Given a general table and a value to be found, return true if the value is in either the array or hashmap portion of the table. Comparison is by value, using deepEquals.

NOTE: This used to do shallow comparison by default and accepted a third "deepCompare" param to do deep comparison. This param is still accepted but now ignored.

export.insertIfNot

function export.insertIfNot(list, item, options)

Given a list and an item to be inserted, append the value to the end of the list if not already present (or insert at an arbitrary position, if options.pos is given; see below). Comparison is by value, using deepEquals.

options is an optional table of additional options to control the behavior of the operation. The following options are recognized:

• pos: Position at which insertion happens (i.e. before the existing item at position pos).
• key: Function of one argument to return a comparison key, as with deepEquals. The key function is applied to both item and the existing item in list to compare against, and the comparison is done against the results. This is useful when inserting a complex structure into an existing list while avoiding duplicates.

For compatibility, pos can be specified directly as the third argument in place of options, but this is not recommended for new code.

NOTE: This function is O(N) in the size of the existing list. If you use this function in a loop to insert several items, you will get O(M*(M+N)) behavior, effectively O((M+N)^2). Thus it is not recommended to use this unless you are sure the total number of items will be small. (An alternative for large lists is to insert all the items without checking for duplicates, and use removeDuplicates() at the end.)

export.keyFor

function export.keyFor(t, valueToFind)

Finds key for specified value in a given table. Roughly equivalent to reversing the key-value pairs in the table:

• reversed_table = { [value1] = key1, [value2] = key2, ... } and then returning reversed_table[valueToFind].

The value can only be a string or a number (not nil, a boolean, a table, or a function).

Only reliable if there is just one key with the specified value. Otherwise, the function returns the first key found, and the output is unpredictable.

export.keysToList

function export.keysToList(t, keySort, checked)

Return a list of the keys in a table, sorted using either the default table.sort function or a custom keySort function. If there are only numerical keys, numKeys is probably more efficient.

export.sortedPairs

function export.sortedPairs(t, keySort)

Iterates through a table, with the keys sorted using the keysToList function. If there are only numerical keys, sparseIpairs is probably more efficient.

export.reverseIpairs

function export.reverseIpairs(t)

export.reduce

function export.reduce(list, func, i, j, s)

Given an array list and function func, iterate through the array applying func(r, k, v), and returning the result, where r is the value calculated so far, k is an index, and v is the value at index k. For example, reduce(array, function(a, b) return a + b end) will return the sum of array.

Optional arguments:

• i: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
• j: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
• s: step increment These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:

1. No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
2. s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
3. i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
4. j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
5. j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index. Note: directionality generally only matters for reduce, but values of s > 1 (or s < -1) still affect the return value of apply.

export.apply

function export.apply(list, func, i, j, s)

Given an array list and function func, iterate through the array applying func(k, v) (where k is an index, and v is the value at index k), and return an array of the resulting values. For example, apply(array, function(a) return 2*a end) will return an array where each member of array has been doubled.

Optional arguments:

• i: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
• j: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
• s: step increment These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:

1. No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
2. s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
3. i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
4. j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
5. j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index. Note: directionality makes the most difference for reduce, but values of s > 1 (or s < -1) still affect the return value of apply.

export.all

function export.all(list, func, i, j, s)

Given an array list and function func, iterate through the array applying func(k, v) (where k is an index, and v is the value at index k), and returning whether the function is true for all iterations.

Optional arguments:

• i: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
• j: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
• s: step increment These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:

1. No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
2. s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
3. i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
4. j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
5. j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index.

export.any

function export.any(list, func, i, j, s)

Given an array list and function func, iterate through the array applying func(k, v) (where k is an index, and v is the value at index k), and returning whether the function is true for at least one iteration.

Optional arguments:

• i: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
• j: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
• s: step increment These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:

1. No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
2. s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
3. i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
4. j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
5. j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index.

export.serialCommaJoin

function export.serialCommaJoin(seq, options)

Joins an array with serial comma and serial conjunction, normally "and". An improvement on mw.text.listToText, which doesn't properly handle serial commas.

Options:

• conj: Conjunction to use; defaults to "and".
• italicizeConj: Italicize conjunction: for Module:also
• dontTag: Don't tag the serial comma and serial "and". For error messages, in which HTML cannot be used.

export.sparseConcat

function export.sparseConcat(t, sep, i, j)

Concatenate all values in the table that are indexed by a number, in order.

• sparseConcat{ a, nil, c, d } => "acd"
• sparseConcat{ nil, b, c, d } => "bcd"

export.reverse

function export.reverse(t)

Values of numeric keys in array portion of table are reversed: { "a", "b", "c" } -> { "c", "b", "a" }

export.reverseConcat

function export.reverseConcat(t, sep, i, j)

reverse로 뒤집은 테이블의 요소들을 sep(arate) 값, 즉 구분자로 연결해서 문자열로 만듭니다. i와 j는 연결할 범위를 지정합니다.

export.invert

function export.invert(array)

Invert an array. For example, invert({ "a", "b", "c" }) -> { a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 }

export.listToSet

function export.listToSet(list, value, ...)

Convert list (a table with a list of values) into a set (a table where those values are keys instead). This is a useful way to create a fast lookup table, since looking up a table key is much, much faster than iterating over the whole list to see if it contains a given value.

By default, each item is given the value true. If the optional parameter value is a function or functor, then the value for each item is determined by calling it with the item key as the first parameter, plus any additional arguments passed to listToSet; if value is anything else, then it is used as the fixed value for every item.

export.isArray

function export.isArray(t)

입력된 (t)가 배열인지 검사합니다. 여기서 t는 테이블입니다. pairs()로 테이블의 모든 키를 순회하며 검사합니다.

• 중간에 nil 값이 있으면 false를 반환합니다.
• x=1, y=2와 같은 테이블에 대해서도 false를 반환합니다. (해시 테이블) 이것이 필요한 이유는 루아의 테이블 특성에서 기인합니다. 루아는 다른 프로그래밍 언어들과 다르게 # 연산자로 모든 기능을 '쇼부' 보려고 합니다.
• 루아의 # 연산자는 nil을 만나면 그 전까지만의 길이를 계산할 '수도' 있습니다. 이 경우 nil 값 이후의 유효한 값들이 무시될 수 있습니다.
• 해시 부분의 키들은 길이 계산에 포함하지 않습니다. 그래서 isArray라는 메서드를 제작하여 위키낱말사전 프로그래밍에 활용합니다.

export.alias

function export.alias(t, k, aliases)

Add a list of aliases for a given key to a table. The aliases must be given as a table.

---

--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--                      table (formerly TableTools)                               --
--                                                                                --
-- This module includes a number of functions for dealing with Lua tables.        --
-- It is a meta-module, meant to be called from other Lua modules, and should     --
-- not be called directly from #invoke.                                           --
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]

--[[
	Inserting new values into a table using a local "index" variable, which is
	incremented each time, is faster than using "table.insert(t, x)" or
	"t[#t + 1] = x". See the talk page.
]]

local export = {}

local libraryUtil = require("libraryUtil")
local table = table

local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti
local concat = table.concat
local format = string.format
local getmetatable = getmetatable
local insert = table.insert
local ipairs = ipairs
local is_callable = require("Module:fun").is_callable
local is_positive_integer -- defined as export.isPositiveInteger below
local keys_to_list -- defined as export.keysToList below
local next = next
local pairs = pairs
local rawequal = rawequal
local rawget = rawget
local setmetatable = setmetatable
local sort = table.sort
local string_sort = require("Module:collation").string_sort
local type = type

local infinity = math.huge

local function _check(funcName, expectType)
	if type(expectType) == "string" then
		return function(argIndex, arg, nilOk)
			checkType(funcName, argIndex, arg, expectType, nilOk)
		end
	else
		return function(argIndex, arg, expectType, nilOk)
			if type(expectType) == "table" then
				if not nilOk or arg ~= nil then
					-- checkTypeMulti() doesn't accept a fifth `nilOk` argument, unlike the other check functions.
					checkTypeMulti(funcName, argIndex, arg, expectType)
				end
			else
				checkType(funcName, argIndex, arg, expectType, nilOk)
			end
		end
	end
end

--[==[
Return true if the given value is a positive integer, and false if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is
included here as it is useful for determining whether a given table key is in the array part or the hash part of a
table.
]==]
function export.isPositiveInteger(v)
	return type(v) == "number" and v >= 1 and v % 1 == 0 and v < infinity
end
is_positive_integer = export.isPositiveInteger

--[==[
Return a clone of an object. If the object is a table, the value returned is a new table, but all subtables and functions are shared. Metamethods are respected, but the returned table will have no metatable of its own.
]==]
function export.shallowcopy(orig)
	if type(orig) ~= "table" then
		return orig
	end
	local copy = {}
	for k, v in pairs(orig) do
		copy[k] = v
	end
	return copy
end

do
	local function rawpairs(t)
		return next, t
	end
	
	local function make_copy(orig, memo, mt_flag, keep_loaded_data)
		if type(orig) ~= "table" then
			return orig
		end
		local memoized = memo[orig]
		if memoized ~= nil then
			return memoized
		end
		local mt = getmetatable(orig)
		local loaded_data = mt and mt.mw_loadData
		if loaded_data and keep_loaded_data then
			memo[orig] = orig
			return orig
		end
		local copy = {}
		memo[orig] = copy
		for k, v in (loaded_data and pairs or rawpairs)(orig) do
			copy[make_copy(k, memo, mt_flag, keep_loaded_data)] = make_copy(v, memo, mt_flag, keep_loaded_data)
		end
		if loaded_data then
			return copy
		elseif mt_flag == "keep" then
			setmetatable(copy, mt)
		elseif mt_flag ~= "none" then
			setmetatable(copy, make_copy(mt, memo, mt_flag, keep_loaded_data))
		end
		return copy
	end
	
	--[==[
	Recursive deep copy function. Preserves copied identities of subtables.
	A more powerful version of {mw.clone}, with customizable options.
	* By default, metatables are copied, except for data loaded via mw.loadData (see below). If `metatableFlag` is set to "none", the copy will not have any metatables at all. Conversely, if `metatableFlag` is set to "keep", then the cloned table (and all its members) will have the exact same metatable as their original version.
	* If `keepLoadedData` is true, then any data loaded via {mw.loadData} will not be copied, and the original will be used instead. This is useful in iterative contexts where it is necessary to copy data being destructively modified, because objects loaded via mw.loadData are immutable.
	* Notes:
	*# Protected metatables will not be copied (i.e. those hidden behind a __metatable metamethod), as they are not
	   accessible by Lua's design. Instead, the output of the __metatable method will be used instead.
	*# When iterating over the table, the __pairs metamethod is ignored, since this can prevent the table from being properly cloned.
	*# Data loaded via mw.loadData is a special case in two ways: the metatable is stripped, because otherwise the cloned table throws errors when accessed; in addition, the __pairs metamethod is used, since otherwise the cloned table would be empty.]==]
	function export.deepcopy(orig, metatableFlag, keepLoadedData)
		return make_copy(orig, {}, metatableFlag, keepLoadedData)
	end
end

--[==[
Append any number of tables together and returns the result. Compare the Lisp expression {(append list1 list2 ...)}.
]==]
function export.append(...)
	local ret, n = {}, 0
	for i = 1, arg.n do
		for _, v in ipairs(arg[i]) do
			n = n + 1
			ret[n] = v
		end
	end
	return ret
end

--[==[
Extend an existing list by a new list, modifying the existing list in-place. Compare the Python expression
{list.extend(new_items)}.

`options` is an optional table of additional options to control the behavior of the operation. The following options are
recognized:
* `insertIfNot`: Use {export.insertIfNot()} instead of {table.insert()}, which ensures that duplicate items do not get
  inserted (at the cost of an O((M+N)*N) operation, where M = #list and N = #new_items).
* `key`: As in {insertIfNot()}. Ignored otherwise.
* `pos`: As in {insertIfNot()}. Ignored otherwise.
]==]
function export.extendList(list, new_items, options)
	local check = _check("extendList", "table")
	check(1, list)
	check(2, new_items)
	check(3, options, true)
	for _, item in ipairs(new_items) do
		if options and options.insertIfNot then
			export.insertIfNot(list, item, options)
		else
			insert(list, item)
		end
	end
end

--[==[
Remove duplicate values from an array. Non-positive-integer keys are ignored. The earliest value is kept, and all subsequent duplicate values are removed, but otherwise the array order is unchanged.
-- -0, NaN and -NaN have special handling, as they can't be used as table keys.
]==]
function export.removeDuplicates(t)
	checkType("removeDuplicates", 1, t, "table")
	local ret, n, seen, _neg_0, _pos_nan, _neg_nan = {}, 0, {}
	for _, v in ipairs(t) do
		local v_key = v
		-- -0
		if v == 0 and 1 / v < 0 then
			_neg_0 = _neg_0 or {}
			v_key = _neg_0
		-- NaN and -NaN.
		elseif v ~= v then
			if format("%f", v) == "nan" then
				_pos_nan = _pos_nan or {}
				v_key = _pos_nan
			else
				_neg_nan = _neg_nan or {}
				v_key = _neg_nan
			end
		end
		if not seen[v_key] then
			n = n + 1
			ret[n] = v
			seen[v_key] = true
		end
	end
	return ret
end

--[==[
Given a table, return an array containing the numbers of any numerical keys that have non-nil values, sorted in
numerical order.
]==]
function export.numKeys(t, checked)
	if not checked then
		checkType("numKeys", 1, t, "table")
	end
	local nums = {}
	local index = 1
	for k in pairs(t) do
		if is_positive_integer(k) then
			nums[index] = k
			index = index + 1
		end
	end
	sort(nums)
	return nums
end

--[==[
Return the maximum index of a table or array that possibly has holes in it, or 0 if there are no numerical keys in the
table.
]==]
function export.maxIndex(t)
	local max = 0
	for k in pairs(t) do
		if is_positive_integer(k) and k > max then
			max = k
		end
	end
	return max
end

--[==[
This takes an array with one or more nil values, and removes the nil values
while preserving the order, so that the array can be safely traversed with
ipairs.
]==]
function export.compressSparseArray(t)
	checkType("compressSparseArray", 1, t, "table")
	local ret = {}
	local index = 1
	local nums = export.numKeys(t)
	for _, num in ipairs(nums) do
		ret[index] = t[num]
		index = index + 1
	end
	return ret
end

--[==[
This is an iterator for sparse arrays. It can be used like ipairs, but can handle nil values.
]==]
function export.sparseIpairs(t)
	checkType("sparseIpairs", 1, t, "table")
	local nums = export.numKeys(t)
	local i = 0
	return function()
		i = i + 1
		local key = nums[i]
		if key then
			return key, t[key]
		else
			return nil, nil
		end
	end
end

--[==[
This returns the size of a key/value pair table. It will also work on arrays, but for arrays it is more efficient to
use the # operator.
]==]
function export.size(t)
	checkType("size", 1, t, "table")
	local i = 0
	for _ in pairs(t) do
		i = i + 1
	end
	return i
end

--[==[
This returns the length of a table, or the first integer key n counting from 1 such that t[n + 1] is nil. It is similar to the operator #, but may return a different value when metamethods are involved. Intended to be used on data loaded with mw.loadData. For other tables, use #.
]==]
function export.length(t)
	local i = 0
	repeat
		i = i + 1
	until t[i] == nil
	return i - 1
end


do
	local function is_equivalent(a, b, memo, include_mt)
		-- Raw equality check.
		if rawequal(a, b) then
			return true
		-- If not equal, a and b can only be equivalent if they're both tables.
		elseif not (type(a) == "table" and type(b) == "table") then
			return false
		end
		-- If a and b have been compared before, they must be equivalent.
		local memo_a = memo[a]
		if not memo_a then
			memo[a] = {[b] = true}
		elseif memo_a[b] then
			return true
		else
			memo_a[b] = true
		end
		local memo_b = memo[b]
		if not memo_b then
			memo[b] = {[a] = true}
		else -- We know memo_b won't have a, since memo_a didn't have b.
			memo_b[a] = true
		end
		-- If include_mt is set, check the metatables are equivalent.
		if (
			include_mt and
			not is_equivalent(getmetatable(a), getmetatable(b), memo, true)
		) then
			return false
		end
		-- Fast check: loop over keys in a, checking if an equivalent value exists at the same key in b. Any tables-as-keys are set aside for the laborious check instead.
		local tablekeys_a, tablekeys_b, kb
		for ka, va in next, a do
			if type(ka) == "table" then
				if not tablekeys_a then
					tablekeys_a = {[ka] = va}
				else
					tablekeys_a[ka] = va
				end
			else
				local vb = rawget(b, ka)
				-- Faster to avoid recursion if possible, as we know va is not nil.
				if vb == nil or not is_equivalent(va, vb, memo, include_mt) then
					return false
				end
			end
			-- Iterate over b simultaneously (to check it's the same size and to grab any tables-as-keys for the laborious check), but also separately (since it might iterate in a different order, as this is unpredictable in Lua).
			local vb
			kb, vb = next(b, kb)
			-- Fail if b runs out of key/value pairs too early.
			if kb == nil then
				return false
			elseif type(kb) == "table" then
				if not tablekeys_b then
					tablekeys_b = {[kb] = vb}
				else
					tablekeys_b[kb] = vb
				end
			end
		end
		-- Fail if there are too many key/value pairs in b.
		if next(b, kb) ~= nil then
			return false
		-- If tablekeys_a == tablekeys_b they must be both nil, meaning there are no tables-as-keys to check, so success.
		elseif tablekeys_a == tablekeys_b then
			return true
		-- If only one them exists, then the tables can't be equivalent.
		elseif not (tablekeys_a and tablekeys_b) then
			return false
		end
		-- Laborious check: for each table-as-key in tablekeys_a, loop over tablekeys_b looking for an equivalent key/value pair.
		for ka, va in next, tablekeys_a do
			local kb
			while true do
				local vb
				kb, vb = next(tablekeys_b, kb)
				-- Fail if no equivalent is found.
				if kb == nil then
					return false
				elseif (
					is_equivalent(ka, kb, memo, include_mt) and
					is_equivalent(va, vb, memo, include_mt)
				) then
					-- Remove match to prevent double-matching (and for speed).
					tablekeys_b[kb] = nil
					break
				end
			end
		end
		-- Success if tablekeys_b is now empty.
		return next(tablekeys_b) == nil
	end
	
	--[==[
	Recursively compare two values that may be tables, and returns true if all key-value pairs are structurally equivalent. Note that this handles arbitrary nesting of subtables (including recursive nesting) to any depth, for keys as well as values.

	If `include_mt` is true, then metatables are also compared.]==]
	function export.deepEquals(a, b, include_mt)
		return is_equivalent(a, b, {}, include_mt)
	end
end

do
	local function get_nested(a, b, ...)
		if a == nil then
			return nil
		elseif ... ~= nil then
			return get_nested(a[b], ...)
		end
		return a[b]
	end
	
	--[==[
	Given a table and an arbitrary number of keys, will successively access subtables using each key in turn, returning the value at the final key. For example, if {t} is { {[1] = {[2] = {[3] = "foo"}}}}, {export.getNested(t, 1, 2, 3)} will return {"foo"}.
	
	If no subtable exists for a given key value, returns nil, but will throw an error if a non-table is found at an intermediary key.
	]==]
	function export.getNested(a, ...)
		if a == nil or ... == nil then
			error("Must provide a table and at least one key.")
		end
		return get_nested(a, ...)
	end
end

do
	local function set_nested(a, b, c, ...)
		if ... ~= nil then
			a[c] = a[c] or {}
			return set_nested(a[c], b, ...)
		end
		a[c] = b
	end
	
	--[==[
	Given a table, value and an arbitrary number of keys, will successively access subtables using each key in turn, and sets the value at the final key. For example, if {t} is { {}}, {export.setNested(t, "foo", 1, 2, 3)} will modify {t} to { {[1] = {[2] = {[3] = "foo"}}}}.
	
	If no subtable exists for a given key value, one will be created, but will throw an error if a non-table value is found at an intermediary key.
	
	Note: the parameter order (table, value, keys) differs from functions like rawset, because the number of keys can be arbitrary. This is to avoid situations where an additional argument must be appended to arbitrary lists of variables, which can be awkward and error-prone: for example, when handling variable arguments ({{lua|...}}) or function return values.
	]==]
	function export.setNested(a, b, ...)
		if a == nil or b == nil or ... == nil then
			error("Must provide a table, value and at least one key.")
		end
		return set_nested(a, b, ...)
	end
end

--[==[
Given a list and a value to be found, return true if the value is in the array
portion of the list. Comparison is by value, using `deepEquals`.
]==]
function export.contains(list, x, options)
	local check = _check("contains", "table")
	check(1, list)
	check(3, options, true)

	if options and options.key then
		x = options.key(x)
	end
	for _, v in ipairs(list) do
		if options and options.key then
			v = options.key(v)
		end
		if export.deepEquals(v, x) then return true end
	end
	return false
end

--[==[
Given a general table and a value to be found, return true if the value is in
either the array or hashmap portion of the table. Comparison is by value, using
`deepEquals`.

NOTE: This used to do shallow comparison by default and accepted a third
"deepCompare" param to do deep comparison. This param is still accepted but now
ignored.
]==]
function export.tableContains(tbl, x)
	checkType("tableContains", 1, tbl, "table")
	for _, v in pairs(tbl) do
		if export.deepEquals(v, x) then return true end
	end
	return false
end

--[==[
Given a `list` and an `item` to be inserted, append the value to the end of the list if not already present
(or insert at an arbitrary position, if `options.pos` is given; see below). Comparison is by value, using {deepEquals}.

`options` is an optional table of additional options to control the behavior of the operation. The following options are
recognized:
* `pos`: Position at which insertion happens (i.e. before the existing item at position `pos`).
* `key`: Function of one argument to return a comparison key, as with {deepEquals}. The key function is applied to both
         `item` and the existing item in `list` to compare against, and the comparison is done against the results.
         This is useful when inserting a complex structure into an existing list while avoiding duplicates.

For compatibility, `pos` can be specified directly as the third argument in place of `options`, but this is not
recommended for new code.

NOTE: This function is O(N) in the size of the existing list. If you use this function in a loop to insert several
items, you will get O(M*(M+N)) behavior, effectively O((M+N)^2). Thus it is not recommended to use this unless you are
sure the total number of items will be small. (An alternative for large lists is to insert all the items without
checking for duplicates, and use {removeDuplicates()} at the end.)
]==]
function export.insertIfNot(list, item, options)
	local check = _check("insertIfNot")
	check(1, list, "table")
	check(3, options, {"table", "number"}, true)

	if type(options) == "number" then
		options = {pos = options}
	end
	if not export.contains(list, item, options) then
		if options and options.pos then
			insert(list, options.pos, item)
		else
			insert(list, item)
		end
	end
end

--[==[
Finds key for specified value in a given table. Roughly equivalent to reversing the key-value pairs in the table:
* {reversed_table = { [value1] = key1, [value2] = key2, ... }}
and then returning {reversed_table[valueToFind]}.

The value can only be a string or a number (not nil, a boolean, a table, or a function).

Only reliable if there is just one key with the specified value. Otherwise, the function returns the first key found,
and the output is unpredictable.
]==]
function export.keyFor(t, valueToFind)
	local check = _check("keyFor")
	check(1, t, "table")
	check(2, valueToFind, {"string", "number"})
	
	for key, value in pairs(t) do
		if value == valueToFind then
			return key
		end
	end
	
	return nil
end

do
	-- The default sorting function used in export.keysToList if no keySort is defined.
	local function defaultKeySort(key1, key2)
		-- "number" < "string", so numbers will be sorted before strings.
		local type1, type2 = type(key1), type(key2)
		if type1 ~= type2 then
			return type1 < type2
		end
		-- string_sort fixes a bug in < whereby all codepoints above U+FFFF are treated as equal.
		return string_sort(key1, key2)
	end
	
	--[==[
	Return a list of the keys in a table, sorted using either the default table.sort function or a custom keySort function.
	If there are only numerical keys, numKeys is probably more efficient.
	]==]
	function export.keysToList(t, keySort, checked)
		if not checked then
			local check = _check("keysToList")
			check(1, t, "table")
			check(2, keySort, "function", true)
		end
		
		local list, i = {}, 0
		for key in pairs(t) do
			i = i + 1
			list[i] = key
		end
		
		-- Use specified sort function, or otherwise defaultKeySort.
		sort(list, keySort or defaultKeySort)
		
		return list
	end
	keys_to_list = export.keysToList
end

--[==[
Iterates through a table, with the keys sorted using the keysToList function. If there are only numerical keys,
sparseIpairs is probably more efficient.
]==]
function export.sortedPairs(t, keySort)
	local check = _check("keysToList")
	check(1, t, "table")
	check(2, keySort, "function", true)
	
	local list, i = keys_to_list(t, keySort, true), 0
	
	return function()
		i = i + 1
		local key = list[i]
		if key ~= nil then
			return key, t[key]
		end
	end
end

do
	local function iter(t, i)
		i = i - 1
		if i > 0 then
			return i, t[i]
		end
	end
	
	function export.reverseIpairs(t)
		checkType("reverseIpairs", 1, t, "table")
		-- Not safe to use #t, as it can be unpredictable if there is a hash part.
		local i = 0
		repeat
			i = i + 1
		until t[i] == nil
		return iter, t, i
	end
end

local function getIteratorValues(i, j , s, list)
	i = (i and i < 0 and #list - i + 1) or i or (s and s < 0 and #list) or 1
	j = (j and j < 0 and #list - j + 1) or j or (s and s < 0 and 1) or #list
	s = s or (j < i and -1) or 1
	if (
		i == 0 or i % 1 ~= 0 or
		j == 0 or j % 1 ~= 0 or
		s == 0 or s % 1 ~= 0
	) then
		error("Arguments i, j and s must be non-zero integers.")
	end
	return i, j, s
end

--[==[
Given an array `list` and function `func`, iterate through the array applying {func(r, k, v)}, and returning the result,
where `r` is the value calculated so far, `k` is an index, and `v` is the value at index `k`. For example,
{reduce(array, function(a, b) return a + b end)} will return the sum of `array`.

Optional arguments:
* `i`: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `j`: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `s`: step increment
These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or
backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:
# No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
# s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
# i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
# j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
# j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index.
Note: directionality generally only matters for `reduce`, but values of s > 1 (or s < -1) still affect the return value
of `apply`.
]==]

function export.reduce(list, func, i, j, s)
	i, j, s = getIteratorValues(i, j , s, list)
	local ret = list[i]
	for k = i + s, j, s do
		ret = func(ret, k, list[k])
	end
	return ret
end

--[==[
Given an array `list` and function `func`, iterate through the array applying {func(k, v)} (where `k` is an index, and
`v` is the value at index `k`), and return an array of the resulting values. For example,
{apply(array, function(a) return 2*a end)} will return an array where each member of `array` has been doubled.

Optional arguments:
* `i`: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `j`: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `s`: step increment
These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or
backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:
# No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
# s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
# i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
# j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
# j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index.
Note: directionality makes the most difference for `reduce`, but values of s > 1 (or s < -1) still affect the return
value of `apply`.
]==]
function export.apply(list, func, i, j, s)
	local modified_list = export.deepcopy(list)
	i, j, s = getIteratorValues(i, j , s, modified_list)
	for k = i, j, s do
		modified_list[k] = func(k, modified_list[k])
	end
	return modified_list
end

--[==[
Given an array `list` and function `func`, iterate through the array applying {func(k, v)} (where `k` is an index, and
`v` is the value at index `k`), and returning whether the function is true for all iterations.

Optional arguments:
* `i`: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `j`: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `s`: step increment
These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or
backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:
# No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
# s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
# i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
# j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
# j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index.
]==]
function export.all(list, func, i, j, s)
	i, j, s = getIteratorValues(i, j , s, list)
	local ret = true
	for k = i, j, s do
		ret = ret and not not (func(k, list[k]))
		if not ret then break end
	end
	return ret
end

--[==[
Given an array `list` and function `func`, iterate through the array applying {func(k, v)} (where `k` is an index, and
`v` is the value at index `k`), and returning whether the function is true for at least one iteration.

Optional arguments:
* `i`: start index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `j`: end index; negative values count from the end of the array
* `s`: step increment
These must be non-zero integers. The function will determine where to iterate from, whether to iterate forwards or
backwards and by how much, based on these inputs (see examples below for default behaviours).

Examples:
# No values for i, j or s results in forward iteration from the start to the end in steps of 1 (the default).
# s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the start in steps of 1.
# i=7, j=3 results in backward iteration from indices 7 to 3 in steps of 1 (i.e. s=-1).
# j=-3 results in forward iteration from the start to the 3rd last index.
# j=-3, s=-1 results in backward iteration from the end to the 3rd last index.
]==]
function export.any(list, func, i, j, s)
	i, j, s = getIteratorValues(i, j , s, list)
	local ret = false
	for k = i, j, s do
		ret = ret or not not (func(k, list[k]))
		if ret then break end
	end
	return ret
end

--[==[
Joins an array with serial comma and serial conjunction, normally {"and"}. An improvement on {mw.text.listToText},
which doesn't properly handle serial commas.

Options:
* `conj`: Conjunction to use; defaults to {"and"}.
* `italicizeConj`: Italicize conjunction: for [[Module:also]]
* `dontTag`: Don't tag the serial comma and serial {"and"}. For error messages, in which HTML cannot be used.
]==]
function export.serialCommaJoin(seq, options)
	local check = _check("serialCommaJoin", "table")
	check(1, seq)
	check(2, options, true)
	
	local length = #seq
	
	if not options then
		options = {}
	end
	
	local conj
	if length > 1 then
		conj = options.conj or "and"
		if options.italicizeConj then
			conj = "" .. conj .. ""
		end
	end
	
	if length == 0 then
		return ""
	elseif length == 1 then
		return seq[1] -- nothing to join
	elseif length == 2 then
		return seq[1] .. " " .. conj .. " " .. seq[2]
	else
		local comma = options.dontTag and "," or "<span class=\"serial-comma\">,</span>"
		conj = options.dontTag and " " .. conj .. " " or "<span class=\"serial-and\"> " .. conj .. "</span> "
		return concat(seq, ", ", 1, length - 1) ..
				comma .. conj .. seq[length]
	end
end

--[==[
Concatenate all values in the table that are indexed by a number, in order.
* {sparseConcat{ a, nil, c, d }}  =>  {"acd"}
* {sparseConcat{ nil, b, c, d }}  =>  {"bcd"}
]==]
function export.sparseConcat(t, sep, i, j)
	local list = {}
	
	local list_i = 0
	for _, v in export.sparseIpairs(t) do
		list_i = list_i + 1
		list[list_i] = v
	end
	
	return concat(list, sep, i, j)
end

--[==[
Values of numeric keys in array portion of table are reversed: { { "a", "b", "c" }} -> { { "c", "b", "a" }}
]==]
function export.reverse(t)
	checkType("reverse", 1, t, "table")
	-- Not safe to use #t, as it can be unpredictable if there is a hash part.
	local ret, base = {}, 0
	repeat
		base = base + 1
	until t[base] == nil
	for i = base - 1, 1, -1 do
		ret[base - i] = t[i]
	end
	return ret
end

--[==[
reverse로 뒤집은 테이블의 요소들을 sep(arate) 값, 즉 구분자로 연결해서 문자열로 만듭니다. i와 j는 연결할 범위를 지정합니다.
]==]
function export.reverseConcat(t, sep, i, j)
	return concat(export.reverse(t), sep, i, j)
end

--[==[
Invert an array. For example, {invert({ "a", "b", "c" })} -> { { a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 }}
]==]
function export.invert(array)
	checkType("invert", 1, array, "table")
	
	local map = {}
	for i, v in ipairs(array) do
		map[v] = i
	end
	
	return map
end

--[==[
Convert `list` (a table with a list of values) into a set (a table where those values are keys instead). This is a useful
way to create a fast lookup table, since looking up a table key is much, much faster than iterating over the whole list
to see if it contains a given value.

By default, each item is given the value true. If the optional parameter `value` is a function or functor, then the value
for each item is determined by calling it with the item key as the first parameter, plus any additional arguments passed
to {listToSet}; if value is anything else, then it is used as the fixed value for every item.
]==]
function export.listToSet(list, value, ...)
	checkType("listToSet", 1, list, "table")
	local set, i = {}, 0
	if value == nil then
		value = true
	elseif is_callable(value) then
		-- Separate loop avoids an "is callable" lookup each iteration.
		while true do
			i = i + 1
			local item = list[i]
			if item == nil then
				return set
			end
			set[item] = value(item, ...)
		end
	end
	while true do
		i = i + 1
		local item = list[i]
		if item == nil then
			return set
		end
		set[item] = value
	end
end

--[==[
입력된 (t)가 배열인지 검사합니다. 여기서 t는 테이블입니다. pairs()로 테이블의 모든 키를 순회하며 검사합니다. 
* 중간에 nil 값이 있으면 false를 반환합니다.
* x=1, y=2와 같은 테이블에 대해서도 false를 반환합니다. (해시 테이블)
이것이 필요한 이유는 루아의 테이블 특성에서 기인합니다. 루아는 다른 프로그래밍 언어들과 다르게 # 연산자로 모든 기능을 '쇼부' 보려고 합니다. 
* 루아의 # 연산자는 nil을 만나면 그 전까지만의 길이를 계산할 '수도' 있습니다. 이 경우 nil 값 이후의 유효한 값들이 무시될 수 있습니다.
* 해시 부분의 키들은 길이 계산에 포함하지 않습니다.
그래서 isArray라는 메서드를 제작하여 위키낱말사전 프로그래밍에 활용합니다.
]==]
function export.isArray(t)
	checkType("isArray", 1, t, "table")
	
	local i = 0
	for _ in pairs(t) do
		i = i + 1
		if t[i] == nil then
			return false
		end
	end
	return true
end

--[==[
Add a list of aliases for a given key to a table. The aliases must be given as a table.
]==]
function export.alias(t, k, aliases)
	for _, alias in pairs(aliases) do
		t[alias] = t[k]
	end
end

return export