부록:영어 발음

영어

모음

enPR / AHD^[1]	IPA					examples
enPR / AHD^[1]	RP	GenAm	CanE	AuE	NZE	examples
ä	ɑː	ɑ	ɒ, ɑ	ɐː, aː		father, palm
är	ɑː(ɹ)	ɑɹ		ɐː, aː		arm, bard, starry, start
ă	æ, a	æ			ɛ	bad, cat, ran, trap^[2]^[3]
ăr	æɹ, aɹ	æɹ, ɛɹ	ɛɹ	æɹ	ɛɹ	carry, marry, paragraph^[4]
ā	eɪ			æɪ		day, pain, hey, weight, face
âr	ɛə(ɹ)	eɹ, ɛɹ	ɛɹ	eː	iə, eə	hair, there, fairy, vary, Mary, square^[5]^[6]^[7]^[4]
ĕ	ɛ			e		bed, egg, meadow, dress^[8]
ĕr	ɛɹ			eɹ		very, error, merry^[4]
ē	iː	i		iː		ease, see, siege, ceiling, fleece
îr	ɪə, ɪː(ɹ)	ɪɹ	iɹ	ɪə	iə, iːə	near, here, serious^[6]^[7]
(ē)	ɪ, i, iː	i		iː		city, happy, everyday, mania, geography^[9]
ĭ	ɪ				ə	sit, city, bit, will, kit
(ĭ)	ɪ	ə				roses, spotted, secure
ĭr	ɪɹ				əɹ	mirror, Sirius
ī	aɪ		aɪ (ʌɪ)	ɑɪ	aɪ	my, rice, pie, hi, Mayan, price^[10]
ŏ	ɒ	ɑ	ɒ, ɑ	ɔ, ɒ		not, wasp, cot, lot
ŏr	ɒɹ	ɑɹ (rarely oɹ)	oɹ	ɔɹ, ɒɹ		borrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow (sometimes morrow)^[11]
ŏr	ɒɹ	oɹ (regionally ɑɹ)	oɹ	ɔɹ, ɒɹ		horror, forest, orange, quarrel, warrior^[11]^[12]^[13]
ôr	ɔːɹ	oɹ		oːɹ		forum, glory
ôr	ɔː	oɹ		oː		horse, north,^[6] hoarse, force^[13]
ô	ɔː	ɔ (with the cot-caught merger: ɑ)	ɒ, ɑ	oː		law, caught, thought^[14]
ō	əʊ	oʊ		əʉ, ɐʉ	ɐʉ	no, go, hope, know, toe, goat
oi	ɔɪ			oɪ		boy, noise, choice
o͝o, ŏŏ	ʊ					put, foot, wolf
o͝or, ŏŏr	ʊə, ɔː(ɹ)	ʊɹ		ʊə	ʉə, ʉːə, oː	tour, tourism, stoor, cure^[6]
o͞o, ōō	uː	u		ʉː		lose, soon, through, goose
ou	aʊ			æɔ	æʊ	house, now, tower, mouth
ŭ	ʌ			ɐ, a		run, enough, up, other, strut^[15]
ûr	ɜː(ɹ)	ɜɹ		ɜː	øː	fur, blurry, bird, swerve, nurse^[16]^[17]
ə	ə					Rosa's, about, oppose, comma
ər	ə(ɹ)	əɹ		ə	ə, ɐ, a	winner, enter, error, doctor, letter, asterism, terrorist^[16]^[17]

외국 모음

enPR / AHD^[1]	IPA	examples
œ	œ, ø	oeuvre, Königsberg
ü	y	Debussy, Württemberg (also used in some dialects, e.g. the MLE pronunciation of wound)

1 2 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).
↑ RP 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is sometimes transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
↑ See bad–lad split for more discussion of the vowel 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in Australian English.
1 2 3 In many accents in the United States and most accents in Canada, some or all of the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry are merged (the Mary–marry–merry merger). If all three are merged, the resulting vowel is usually transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. In accents that distinguish all three, marry has 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., merry has 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., and Mary has 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)..
↑ An older alternative symbol to RP 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., reflecting the mid height of the vowel in earlier RP, and the fact that it was a centring diphthong.
1 2 3 4 RP in the early 20th century had five centring diphthongs 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. Of these, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in force formerly contrasted with a long vowel 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in north, thought. All of them are now generally pronounced as long monophthongs (pure vowels) 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (monophthongization). However, many words that formerly had 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (= 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).) are now pronounced with 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). monophthongized first, very early in the 20th century, then 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., and more recently the rest.
1 2 Many speakers of New Zealand English, especially younger speakers, make no distinction between the vowels of near and square; see near–square merger for more discussion.
↑ 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is sometimes transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for RP—for example, in the Collins English Dictionary.
↑ In some dictionaries such as the Longman and the Collins English dictionaries, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is used as an archiphoneme to represent the neutralization of the distinction between 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in this position.
↑ For RP, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is also transcribed (e.g. by Oxford University Press) as 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)..
1 2 The words borrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow, and, for some speakers, morrow, and words derived from these, are most often pronounced with 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (like start) in GenAm, while other words like horror and forest are more often pronounced with 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (like horse, hoarse). See e.g. borrow, sorry, horror, forest in Merriam-Webster.
↑ This sequence only occurs before another vowel. In General American accents influenced by some American English dialects, such as eastern coastal American English, the 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in forest and origin is distinguished from the 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in horse and north, unlike in General American. See Mergers of 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for more details.
1 2 General American 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is alternatively transcribed in other dictionaries as 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Merriam-Webster), 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Cambridge, Longman), 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Collins), and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Dictionary.com). Discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#the vowel of floor, horse, etc in GenAm.
↑ In varieties of General American where the vowels of lot and thought are merged (cot–caught merger), the merged vowel is transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)..
↑ Some linguists, such as Geoff Lindsey, former phonetics lecturer at University College London, and Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego, argue that 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is not distinct from 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in General American. Compare the note about the nurse vowel, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#ʌ in American English pronunciations.
1 2 The nurse vowel 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is generally not considered phonemically distinct from 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in General American and Canadian English (see for instance this article by Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego). It is transcribed distinctly for consistency with the Received Pronunciation transcription system and because they differ in aspects like stress; however, dictionaries of the Oxford University Press such as the Oxford English Dictionary transcribe the nurse vowel as 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for RP and British English as well as US English. The Merriam–Webster Dictionary uses non-IPA "ər" (corresponding to IPA 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for both 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. Compare the note about the strut vowel, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). ~ 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#/ɝ/ vs /ɚ/ in GenAm.
1 2 Separate from the question of whether /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/ are the same, reference works differ in whether they transcribe these sounds as /Vɹ/~/Vr/ or /V˞/: these notations are interchangeable. /ɜɹ/ refers to the same sound as /ɝ/. /ɚ/ refers to the same sound as /əɹ/.

자음

IPA	enPR / AHD^[1]	examples
b	b	but, web, rubble
t͡ʃ	ch	chat, teach, nature
d	d	dot, idea, nod
f	f	fan, left, enough, photo
ɡ	g	get, bag
h	h	ham
ʍ (hw)^[2]	hw	which
d͡ʒ	j	joy, agile, age
k	k	cat, tack
x	ᴋʜ^[3]	loch (Scottish English)
l	l	left
l̩ (əl)^[4]	l	little
m	m	man, animal, him
m̩ (əm)^[4]	m	spasm, prism
n	n	note, ant, pan
n̩ (ən)^[4]	n	hidden
ŋ	ng	singer, ring
p	p	pen, spin, top, apple
ɹ^[5]	r	run, very
s	s	set, list, ice
ʃ	sh	ash, sure, ration
t	t	ton, butt
θ	th	thin, nothing, moth
ð	th	this, father, clothe
v	v	voice, navel
w	w	wet
j	y	yes
z	z	zoo, quiz, rose
ʒ	zh	vision, treasure

↑ 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).
↑ Some phonologists dispute that 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is a distinct phoneme in English, and use 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). instead.
↑ The AHD uses ᴋʜ not only for /x/ but also for /ç/, as in the German pronunciation of Königsberg. /ç/ is not phonemic in GA or RP, but occurs as an allophone of /hj/ in many dialects, e.g. in human (however, the AHD represents it as h in English words).
1 2 3 Some phonologists dispute that 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). are distinct phonemes in English, and use 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). instead.
↑ Often written 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is usually not a trill. For further information, see Pronunciation of English /r/.

경음과 연음

경음과 연음 (위키백과)

반모음 연결

기타 기호

IPA	enPR (AHD)	indicates
ˈ (ˈa)	′ (a′)	primary stress, as in rapping 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).
ˌ (ˌa)	′ (a′)	secondary stress when before the primary stress; unstressed full vowel when after the primary stress, as in battlefield (phonetically 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., phonologically 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).)
a.a	a-a	division between syllables
̩		syllabic consonant, as in ridden 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).
ʔ		glottal stop, as in uh-oh 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).
̃ (ã)	ɴ (aɴ)	nasalization, as in croissant 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).

같이 보기

각주

[AHD-1] 1 2 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).

[oxforda-2] RP 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is sometimes transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.

[badlad-3] See bad–lad split for more discussion of the vowel 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in Australian English.

[Mary-marry-merry-4] 1 2 3 In many accents in the United States and most accents in Canada, some or all of the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry are merged (the Mary–marry–merry merger). If all three are merged, the resulting vowel is usually transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. In accents that distinguish all three, marry has 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., merry has 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., and Mary has 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)..

[airsymbol-5] An older alternative symbol to RP 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., reflecting the mid height of the vowel in earlier RP, and the fact that it was a centring diphthong.

[RP_centring_diphthongs-6] 1 2 3 4 RP in the early 20th century had five centring diphthongs 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. Of these, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in force formerly contrasted with a long vowel 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in north, thought. All of them are now generally pronounced as long monophthongs (pure vowels) 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (monophthongization). However, many words that formerly had 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (= 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).) are now pronounced with 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). monophthongized first, very early in the 20th century, then 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., and more recently the rest.

[near-square-7] 1 2 Many speakers of New Zealand English, especially younger speakers, make no distinction between the vowels of near and square; see near–square merger for more discussion.

[collinse-8] 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is sometimes transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for RP—for example, in the Collins English Dictionary.

[happYvowel-9] In some dictionaries such as the Longman and the Collins English dictionaries, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is used as an archiphoneme to represent the neutralization of the distinction between 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in this position.

[10] For RP, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is also transcribed (e.g. by Oxford University Press) as 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)..

[borrow-forest-11] 1 2 The words borrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow, and, for some speakers, morrow, and words derived from these, are most often pronounced with 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (like start) in GenAm, while other words like horror and forest are more often pronounced with 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (like horse, hoarse). See e.g. borrow, sorry, horror, forest in Merriam-Webster.

[prevocalic_or-12] This sequence only occurs before another vowel. In General American accents influenced by some American English dialects, such as eastern coastal American English, the 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in forest and origin is distinguished from the 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in horse and north, unlike in General American. See Mergers of 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for more details.

[or-notation-13] 1 2 General American 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is alternatively transcribed in other dictionaries as 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Merriam-Webster), 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Cambridge, Longman), 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Collins), and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). (Dictionary.com). Discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#the vowel of floor, horse, etc in GenAm.

[General_American_law-14] In varieties of General American where the vowels of lot and thought are merged (cot–caught merger), the merged vowel is transcribed 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)..

[strut-15] Some linguists, such as Geoff Lindsey, former phonetics lecturer at University College London, and Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego, argue that 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is not distinct from 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in General American. Compare the note about the nurse vowel, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#ʌ in American English pronunciations.

[North_American_er-16] 1 2 The nurse vowel 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is generally not considered phonemically distinct from 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). in General American and Canadian English (see for instance this article by Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego). It is transcribed distinctly for consistency with the Received Pronunciation transcription system and because they differ in aspects like stress; however, dictionaries of the Oxford University Press such as the Oxford English Dictionary transcribe the nurse vowel as 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for RP and British English as well as US English. The Merriam–Webster Dictionary uses non-IPA "ər" (corresponding to IPA 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). for both 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). and 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. Compare the note about the strut vowel, 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). ~ 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value).. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#/ɝ/ vs /ɚ/ in GenAm.

[interchangeableVR-17] 1 2 Separate from the question of whether /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/ are the same, reference works differ in whether they transcribe these sounds as /Vɹ/~/Vr/ or /V˞/: these notations are interchangeable. /ɜɹ/ refers to the same sound as /ɝ/. /ɚ/ refers to the same sound as /əɹ/.

[AHD-18] 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).

[19] Some phonologists dispute that 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). is a distinct phoneme in English, and use 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). instead.

[20] The AHD uses ᴋʜ not only for /x/ but also for /ç/, as in the German pronunciation of Königsberg. /ç/ is not phonemic in GA or RP, but occurs as an allophone of /hj/ in many dialects, e.g. in human (however, the AHD represents it as h in English words).

[cons-21] 1 2 3 Some phonologists dispute that 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). are distinct phonemes in English, and use 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value). instead.

[22] Often written 모듈:IPA/templates 104번째 줄에서 Lua 오류: attempt to call field 'process_list_arguments' (a nil value)., especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is usually not a trill. For further information, see Pronunciation of English /r/.

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